J/ApJS/237/13 Models and yields of 13-120M☉ massive stars (Limongi+, 2018)
Presupernova evolution and explosive nucleosynthesis of rotating massive stars
in the metallicity range -3≤[Fe/H]≤0.
    Limongi M., Chieffi A.
   <Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 237, 13 (2018)>
   =2018ApJS..237...13L
ADC_Keywords: Models; Supernovae; Stars, masses; Abundances, [Fe/H]

Keywords: stars: evolution; stars: interiors; stars: massive; stars: rotation;
          supernovae: general

Abstract:
    We present a new grid of presupernova models of massive stars
    extending in mass between 13 and 120M☉, covering four
    metallicities (i.e., [Fe/H]=0, -1, -2, and -3) and three initial
    rotation velocities (i.e., 0, 150, and 300km/s). The explosion has
    been simulated following three different assumptions in order to show
    how the yields depend on the remnant mass-initial mass relation. An
    extended network from H to Bi is fully coupled to the physical
    evolution of the models. The main results can be summarized as
    follows. (a) At solar metallicity, the maximum mass exploding as a red
    supergiant (RSG) is of the order of 17M☉ in the nonrotating
    case, with the more massive stars exploding as Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars.
    All rotating models, conversely, explode as WR stars. (b) The
    interplay between the core He-burning and the H-burning shell,
    triggered by the rotation-induced instabilities, drives the synthesis
    of a large primary amount of all the products of CNO, not just 14N.
    A fraction of them greatly enriches the radiative part of the He core
    (and is responsible for the large production of F), and a fraction
    enters the convective core, leading therefore to an important primary
    neutron flux able to synthesize heavy nuclei up to Pb. (c) In our
    scenario, remnant masses of the order of those inferred from the first
    detections of gravitational waves (GW 150914, GW 151226, GW 170104, GW
    170814) are predicted at all metallicities for none or moderate
    initial rotation velocities.

File Summary:

       FileName      Lrecl  Records   Explanations

ReadMe            80        .   This file
table3.dat        77      333   Network reference matrix
table5.dat       130      864   Main evolutionary properties of the models
table6.dat        90      108   Wolf-Rayet lifetimes of the models
table7.dat        76       96   Properties of the presupernova models
table8.dat       111     3996   Isotopic yields - Recommended set
table9.dat        56     3996   Isotopic yields in the wind - Recommended set


See also:
 J/A+A/416/1117 : Abundances in the early Galaxy (Cayrel+, 2004)
 J/ApJ/608/405  : Explosive yields of massive star (Chieffi+, 2004)
 J/A+A/479/541  : VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars (Hunter+, 2008)
 J/A+A/496/841  : VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars (Hunter+, 2009)
 J/MNRAS/408/827  : Simulations of supernova explosions (Dessart+, 2010)
 J/ApJ/724/341  : Nucleosynthesis of massive metal-free stars (Heger+, 2010)
 J/A+A/530/A115 : Rotating massive MS stars evolutionary models (Brott+, 2011)
 J/AJ/144/130   : Rotational velocities of nearby HIP B stars (Braganca+, 2012)
 J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rotation. 0.8<M<120 (Ekstrom+, 2012)
 J/ApJS/199/38  : Presupernova evolution (Limongi+, 2012)
 J/ApJ/764/21   : Stellar evolutionary models with 13-120Msun (Chieffi+, 2013)
 J/A+A/558/A131 : Model spectra of hot stars at the pre-SN stage (Groh+, 2013)
 J/A+A/600/A81  : VLTS. 30Dor O giants and supergiants (Ramirez-Agudelo+, 2017)


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table3.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label        Explanations

   1-  5  A5    ---     Iso          Isotope identifier
       7  A1    ---     f_Iso        Flag on Iso (1)
   9- 12  A4    ---     p.alp        The (p,α) reference code (2)
  14- 17  A4    ---     p.n          The (p,n) reference code (2)
  19- 22  A4    ---     p.gam        The (p,γ) reference code (2)
  24- 27  A4    ---     alp.p        The (α,p) reference code (2)
  29- 32  A4    ---     alp.n        The (α,n) reference code (2)
  34- 37  A4    ---     alp.gam      The (α,γ) reference code (2)
  39- 42  A4    ---     n.p          The (n,p) reference code (2)
  44- 47  A4    ---     n.alp        The (n,α) reference code (2)
  49- 52  A4    ---     n.gam        The (n,γ) reference code (2)
  54- 57  A4    ---     gam.p        The (γ,p) reference code (2)
  59- 62  A4    ---     gam.alp      The (γ,α) reference code (2)
  64- 67  A4    ---     gam.n        The (γ,n) reference code (2)
  69- 72  A4    ---     betaP        The (beta+) reference code (2)
  74- 77  A4    ---     betaM        The (beta-) reference code (2)

Note (1): Flag as follows:
    a = We treat the ground (26Alg) and isomeric (26Alm) states of 26Al as
        separate species for T≤1e9K, while we assume the two states to be
        in statistical equilibrium (and therefore we consider just one isotope)
        above this temperature (Limongi & Chieffi 2006)
    b = 26Alg ground state
    c = 26Alm isomeric state
Note (2): Reference as follows:
   betD = beta plus decay;
   desc = Descouvemont et al. (2004ADNDT..88..203D);
   ka03 = Dillmann et al. (2014NDS...120..171D), KADoNiS v0.3;
   nacr = Angulo et al.(1999NuPhA.656....3A), NACRE;
   cf88 = Caughlan & Fowler (1988ADNDT..40..283C);
   ku02 = Kunz et al. (2002ApJ...567..643K), adopted rate;
   im05 = Imbriani et al. (2005EPJA...25..455I);
   mc10 = Iliadis et al. (2010NuPhA.841...31M);
   bb92 = Rauscher et al. (1994ApJ...429..499R);
   wies = M. Wiescher and collaborators;
   rath = last version of the REACLIB available at the web site
          http://nucastro.org/reaclib.html;
   wago = Wagoner (1969ApJS...18..247W);
   mafo = Malaney & Fowler (1989ApJ...345L...5M);
   fkth = Cowan et al. (1991PhR...208..267C);
   wfho = Wagoner et al. (1967ApJ...148....3W);
   od94 = Oda et al. (1994ADNDT..56..231O);
   bl03 = Blackmon et al. (2003NuPhA.718..127B);
   kart = Dillmann+ (Dillmann I., Plag R., Kappeler F. and Rauscher T. 2009
          in Proc. Workshop "EFNUDAT Fast Neutrons--Scientific Workshop on
          Neutron Measurements, Theory Applications" ed F.-J. Hambsch
          (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union) 55) in the
          energy range 5-100keV and Rauscher & Thielemann (2000ADNDT..75....1R)
          above this limit, but rescaled to match the experimental values of
          Dillmann+ at 100keV;
   mc11 = Sallaska et al. (2011PhRvC..83c4611S);
   rt   = Rauscher & Thielemann (2000);
   de07 = de Smet et al. (2007PhRvC..76d5804D);
   ko97 = Koehler et al. (1997PhRvC..56.1138K);
   ffn8 = Fuller, Fowler & Newman (1982ApJS...48..279F) ;
   og10 = Oginni et al. (2011PhRvC..83b5802O);
   ka02 = KADoNiS v0.2 - http://kadonis.org/
   il09 = Iliadis et al. (2011ApJS..193...16I);
   nass = Nassar et al. (2006PhRvL..96d1102N);
   lp00 = Langanke & Martinez-Pinedo (2000NuPhA.673..481L);
   laur = van Wormer et al. (1994ApJ...432..326V);
   re98 = Rehm et al. (1998PhRvL..80..676R);
   taka = Takahashi & Yokoi (1987ADNDT..36..375T);
   tanu = terrestrial half-life.


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations

   1-  3  I3    km/s    Vel       [0/300] Velocity
   5-  6  I2    [Sun]   [Fe/H]    [-3/0] Metallicity
   8- 10  I3    Msun    IMass     [13/120] Initial mass
  12- 14  A3    ---     Phase     Evolutionary phase (1)
  16- 22  E7.2  yr      Time      [1e-05/21500000] Lifetime
  24- 28  F5.2  Msun    MCC       [0/95.5] Maximum mass of convective core
  30- 33  F4.2  [K]     logT      [3.5/5.4] log effective temperature
  35- 38  F4.2 [solLum] logL      [4/6.7] log luminosity
  40- 45  F6.2  Msun    TMass     [5/120] Total mass
  47- 51  F5.2  Msun    MHe       [0/81] Helium core mass
  53- 57  F5.2  Msun    MCO       [0/59] CarbonOxygen core mass
  59- 65  E7.2  km/s    vEqua     [0/645] Equatorial velocity
  67- 74  E8.2  s-1     omega     [0/0.0007] Surface angular velocity
  76- 82  E7.2  ---     Ratio     [0/1] Ratio of omega to critical angular
                                     velocity
  84- 90  E7.2 10+53g/cm2/s Jtot  [0/6.2] Total angular momentum
  92- 98  E7.2  ---     H         [0/0.8] Surface Hydrogen mass fraction
 100-106  E7.2  ---     He        [0.2/1] Surface Helium mass fraction
 108-114  E7.2  ---     N         [2.7e-08/2.3] Surface Nitrogen mass fraction
 116-122  E7.2  ---     N/C       [6.3e-08/156] Nitrogen to Carbon abundance
                                     ratio
 124-130  E7.2  ---     N/O       [1.4e-09/165] Nitrogen to Oxygen abundance
                                     ratio

Note (1): "MS" refers to the end of the pre main sequence phase, "H" to the end
          of core H burning phase, "He" to the end of core He burning phase,
          "PSN" to the end of the evolution.


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table6.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations

   1-  3  I3    km/s    Vel       [0/300] Velocity
   5-  6  I2    [Sun]   [Fe/H]    [-3/0] Metallicity
   8- 10  I3    Msun    Mass      [13/120] Initial mass
  12- 18  E7.2  yr      tO        [11400/17800000]? Lifetime during the O-type phase
  20- 26  E7.2  yr      tWR       [307/1160000]? Lifetime during the WNR phase
  28- 34  E7.2  yr      tWNL      [307/851000]? Lifetime during the WNL phase
  36- 42  A7    ---     WNL       ? Central mass fraction at WNL stage start (1)
  44- 50  E7.2  yr      tWNE      [812/156000]? Lifetime during the WNE phase
  52- 58  A7    ---     WNE       ? Central mass fraction at WNE stage start (1)
  60- 66  E7.2  yr      tWNC      [0.003/134000]? Lifetime during the WNC phase
  68- 74  A7    ---     WNC       ? Central mass fraction at WNC stage start (1)
  76- 82  E7.2  yr      tWC       [3220/295000]? Lifetime during the WC phase
  84- 90  A7    ---     WC        ? Central mass fraction at WC stage start (1)

Note (1): In the format XX Y.YY where XX is the element (either "H " or "He")
          and Y.YY is the mass fraction of XX.


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations

   1-  3  I3    km/s    Vel       [0/300] Velocity
   5-  6  I2    [Sun]   [Fe/H]    [-3/0] Metallicity
   8- 10  I3    Msun    Mass      [13/120] Initial mass
  12- 16  F5.2  Msun    H         [0/24.2] Hydrogen present in the envelope
  18- 22  F5.2  Msun    He        [0.4/26.5] Helium present in the envelope
  24- 27  F4.2  Msun    Fe        [1/2.8] Iron core mass (1)
  29- 33  F5.2  10+44J  Ebind     [0.6/47.6] Binding energy; 1e+51erg (2)
  35- 38  F4.2  ---     xi2.5     [0.02/0.6] Compactness parameter
  40- 44  F5.3 10+44J.s JFe       [0/0.2] Angular momentum within iron core (3)
  46- 51  F6.3 10+44J.s JCO       [0/11.4] Angular momentum within CO core (3)
  53- 58  F6.3 10+44J.s JHe       [0/19.1] Angular momentum within He core (3)
  60- 64  F5.3 10+44J.s J1.5      [0/0.06] Angular momentum within inner
                                 1.5M☉ (3)
  66- 70  F5.3 10+44J.s J2.0      [0/0.2] Angular momentum within inner
                                 2.0M☉ (3)
  72- 76  A5    ---     SNType    Expected supernova type (SNIIP: 50 occurrences;
                                 or SNIb) (4)

Note (1): Defined as the mass coordinate corresponding to the sharp drop
          of the electron profile below ∼0.49.
Note (2): Of the mass above the iron core.

Note (3): In units of 1e+51erg.s

Note (4): According to the classification suggested by
          Hachinger et al. (2012MNRAS.422...70H).


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table8.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations

   1-  3  I3    km/s    Vel       [0/300] Velocity
   5-  6  I2    [Sun]   [Fe/H]    [-3/0] Metallicity
   8- 12  A5    ---     Iso       Isotope identifier
  14- 23  E10.4 ---     13M       [2.8e-60/6.3] The 13M☉ model yield of Isotope
  25- 34  E10.4 ---     15M       [3.9e-60/7.1] The 15M☉ model yield of Isotope
  36- 45  E10.4 ---     20M       [4.7e-60/9] The 20M☉ model yield of Isotope
  47- 56  E10.4 ---     25M       [6.4e-60/10.5] 25M☉ model yield of Isotope
  58- 67  E10.4 ---     30M       [0/11.6] The 30M☉ model yield of Isotope
  69- 78  E10.4 ---     40M       [0/15.6] The 40M☉ model yield of Isotope
  80- 89  E10.4 ---     60M       [0/29] The 60M☉ model yield of Isotope
  91-100  E10.4 ---     80M       [0/42.1] The 80M☉ model yield of Isotope
 102-111  E10.4 ---     120M      [0/68] The 120M☉ model yield of Isotope


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table9.dat

   Bytes Format Units Label    Explanations

   1-  3  I3    km/s  Vel      [0/300] Velocity
   5-  6  I2    [Sun] [Fe/H]   [-3/0] Metallicity
   8- 12  A5    ---   Iso      Isotope identifier
  14- 23  E10.4 ---   13M      [0/4.8] The 13M☉ model yield of Isotope
  25- 34  E10.4 ---   15M      [0/5.2] The 15M☉ model yield of Isotope
  36- 45  E10.4 ---   20M      [0/8.5] The 20M☉ model yield of Isotope
  47- 56  E10.4 ---   25M      [0/10.2] The 25M☉ model yield of Isotope


History:
    From electronic version of the journal
(End)                    Prepared by [AAS], Emmanuelle Perret [CDS]  04-Sep-2018