Title: | Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution |
Authors: | Kim, Jae-Young Krichbaum, Thomas P. Broderick, Avery E. Wielgus, Maciek Blackburn, Lindy Gómez, José L. Johnson, Michael D. Bouman, Katherine L. Chael, Andrew Akiyama, Kazunori Jorstad, Svetlana Marscher, Alan P. Issaoun, Sara Janssen, Michael Chan, Chi-kwan Savolainen, Tuomas Pesce, Dominic W. Özel, Feryal Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Boland, Wilfred Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris GODDI, CIRIACO Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan LIUZZO, Elisabetta Teodorina LICO, Rocco Liu, Kuo Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Musoke, Gibwa Müller, Cornelia Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Héctor Ortiz-León, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Park, Jongho Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Piétu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Preciado-López, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. Rygl, K. L. J. Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Traianou, Efthalia Trippe, Sascha Tsuda, Shuichiro van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Ward-Thompson, Derek Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yoon, Doosoo Young, André Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhu, Ziyan Algaba, Juan-Carlos Allardi, Alexander Amestica, Rodrigo Anczarski, Jadyn Bach, Uwe Baganoff, Frederick K. Beaudoin, Christopher Benson, Bradford A. Berthold, Ryan Blanchard, Jay M. Blundell, Ray Bustamente, Sandra Cappallo, Roger Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chen, Chung-Chen Chilson, Ryan Chuter, Tim C. Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova Coulson, Iain M. Crowley, Joseph Derome, Mark Dexter, Matthew Dornbusch, Sven Dudevoir, Kevin A. Dzib, Sergio A. Eckart, Andreas Eckert, Chris Erickson, Neal R. Everett, Wendeline B. Faber, Aaron Farah, Joseph R. Fath, Vernon Folkers, Thomas W. Forbes, David C. Freund, Robert Gale, David M. Gao, Feng Geertsema, Gertie Graham, David A. Greer, Christopher H. Grosslein, Ronald Gueth, Frédéric Haggard, Daryl Halverson, Nils W. Han, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Hao, Jinchi Hasegawa, Yutaka Henning, Jason W. Hernández-Gómez, Antonio Herrero-Illana, Rubén Heyminck, Stefan Hirota, Akihiko Hoge, James Huang, Yau-De Violette Impellizzeri, C. M. Jiang, Homin John, David Kamble, Atish Keisler, Ryan Kimura, Kimihiro Kono, Yusuke Kubo, Derek Kuroda, John Lacasse, Richard Laing, Robert A. Leitch, Erik M. Li, Chao-Te Lin, Lupin C. -C. Liu, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Lu, Li-Ming Marson, Ralph G. Martin-Cocher, Pierre L. Massingill, Kyle D. Matulonis, Callie McColl, Martin P. McWhirter, Stephen R. Messias, Hugo Meyer-Zhao, Zheng Michalik, Daniel Montaña, Alfredo Montgomerie, William Mora-Klein, Matias Muders, Dirk Nadolski, Andrew Navarro, Santiago Neilsen, Joseph Nguyen, Chi H. Nishioka, Hiroaki Norton, Timothy Nowak, Michael A. Nystrom, George Ogawa, Hideo Oshiro, Peter Parsons, Harriet Peñalver, Juan Phillips, Neil M. Poirier, Michael Pradel, Nicolas Primiani, Rurik A. Raffin, Philippe A. Rahlin, Alexandra S. Reiland, George Risacher, Christopher Ruiz, Ignacio Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F. Sassella, Remi Schellart, Pim Shaw, Paul Silva, Kevin M. Shiokawa, Hotaka Smith, David R. Snow, William Souccar, Kamal Sousa, Don Sridharan, Tirupati K. Srinivasan, Ranjani Stahm, William Stark, Antony A. Story, Kyle Timmer, Sjoerd T. Vertatschitsch, Laura Walther, Craig Wei, Ta-Shun Whitehorn, Nathan Whitney, Alan R. Woody, David P. Wouterloot, Jan G. A. Wright, Melvin Yamaguchi, Paul Yu, Chen-Yu Zeballos, Milagros Zhang, Shuo Ziurys, Lucy Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration |
Issue Date: | 2020 |
Journal: | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS |
Number: | 640 |
First Page: | A69 |
Abstract: | 3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique - global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at 1.3 mm (230 GHz) - to resolve the innermost jet of 3C 279 in order to study its fine-scale morphology close to the jet base where highly variable γ-ray emission is thought to originate, according to various models. The source was observed during four days in April 2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope at 230 GHz, including the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), at an angular resolution of ∼20 μas (at a redshift of z = 0.536 this corresponds to ∼0.13 pc ∼ 1700 Schwarzschild radii with a black hole mass M<SUB>BH</SUB> = 8 × 10<SUP>8</SUP> M<SUB>⊙</SUB>). Imaging and model-fitting techniques were applied to the data to parameterize the fine-scale source structure and its variation. We find a multicomponent inner jet morphology with the northernmost component elongated perpendicular to the direction of the jet, as imaged at longer wavelengths. The elongated nuclear structure is consistent on all four observing days and across different imaging methods and model-fitting techniques, and therefore appears robust. Owing to its compactness and brightness, we associate the northern nuclear structure as the VLBI "core". This morphology can be interpreted as either a broad resolved jet base or a spatially bent jet. We also find significant day-to-day variations in the closure phases, which appear most pronounced on the triangles with the longest baselines. Our analysis shows that this variation is related to a systematic change of the source structure. Two inner jet components move non-radially at apparent speeds of ∼15 c and ∼20 c (∼1.3 and ∼1.7 μas day<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively), which more strongly supports the scenario of traveling shocks or instabilities in a bent, possibly rotating jet. The observed apparent speeds are also coincident with the 3C 279 large-scale jet kinematics observed at longer (cm) wavelengths, suggesting no significant jet acceleration between the 1.3 mm core and the outer jet. The intrinsic brightness temperature of the jet components are ≲10<SUP>10</SUP> K, a magnitude or more lower than typical values seen at ≥7 mm wavelengths. The low brightness temperature and morphological complexity suggest that the core region of 3C 279 becomes optically thin at short (mm) wavelengths. <P />The data are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/640/A69">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/640/A69</A> and at <A href="https://eventhorizontelescope.org/for-astronomers/data">https://eventhorizontelescope.org/for-astronomers/data</A> |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/31442 |
URL: | https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/08/aa37493-20/aa37493-20.html |
ISSN: | 0004-6361 |
DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/202037493 |
Bibcode ADS: | 2020A&A...640A..69K |
Fulltext: | open |
Appears in Collections: | 1.01 Articoli in rivista
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