Franco, M.M.FrancoElbaz, D.D.ElbazZhou, L.L.ZhouMagnelli, B.B.MagnelliSchreiber, C.C.SchreiberCiesla, L.L.CieslaDickinson, M.M.DickinsonNagar, N.N.NagarMagdis, G.G.MagdisAlexander, D. M.D. M.AlexanderBéthermin, M.M.BétherminDemarco, R.R.DemarcoDaddi, E.E.DaddiWang, T.T.WangMullaney, J.J.MullaneySargent, M.M.SargentInami, H.H.InamiShu, X.X.ShuBournaud, F.F.BournaudChary, R.R.CharyCoogan, R. T.R. T.CooganFerguson, H.H.FergusonFinkelstein, S. L.S. L.FinkelsteinGiavalisco, M.M.GiavaliscoGómez-Guijarro, C.C.Gómez-GuijarroIono, D.D.IonoJuneau, S.S.JuneauLagache, G.G.LagacheLin, L.L.LinMotohara, K.K.MotoharaOkumura, K.K.OkumuraPapovich, C.C.PapovichPope, A.A.PopeRujopakarn, W.W.RujopakarnSilverman, J.J.SilvermanXiao, M.M.XiaoPANNELLA, MaurilioMaurilioPANNELLA2025-03-142025-03-1420200004-6361http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/36784We investigate the properties of a sample of 35 galaxies, detected with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.1 mm in the GOODS-ALMA field (area of 69 arcmin<SUP>2</SUP>, resolution = 0.60″, rms ≃ 0.18 mJy beam<SUP>-1</SUP>). Using the ultraviolet-to-radio deep multiwavelength coverage of the GOODS-South field, we fit the spectral energy distributions of these galaxies to derive their key physical properties. The galaxies detected by ALMA are among the most massive at z = 2-4 (M<SUB>⋆, med</SUB> = 8.5 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> M<SUB>⊙</SUB>) and they are either starburst or located in the upper part of the galaxy star-forming main sequence. A significant portion of our galaxy population (∼40%), located at z ∼ 2.5 - 3, exhibits abnormally low gas fractions. The sizes of these galaxies, measured with ALMA, are compatible with the trend between the rest-frame 5000 Å size and stellar mass observed for z ∼ 2 elliptical galaxies, suggesting that they are building compact bulges. We show that there is a strong link between star formation surface density (at 1.1 mm) and gas depletion time: The more compact a galaxy's star-forming region is, the shorter its lifetime will be (without gas replenishment). The identified compact sources associated with relatively short depletion timescales (∼100 Myr) are the ideal candidates to be the progenitors of compact elliptical galaxies at z ∼ 2.STAMPAenArticle10.1051/0004-6361/2020383122-s2.0-85093924153https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/11/aa38312-20/aa38312-20.htmlhttp://arxiv.org/abs/2005.03043v22020A&A...643A..30FFIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICAERC sectors::Physical Sciences and Engineering::PE9 Universe sciences: astro-physics/chemistry/biology; solar systems; stellar, galactic and extragalactic astronomy, planetary systems, cosmology, space science, instrumentation