Gaia Data Release 2. Kinematics of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way

Gaia CollaborationHelmi, A.A.Helmivan Leeuwen, F.F.van LeeuwenMcMillan, P. J.P. J.McMillanMASSARI, DAVIDEDAVIDEMASSARIAntoja, T.T.AntojaRobin, A. C.A. C.RobinLindegren, L.L.LindegrenBastian, U.U.BastianArenou, F.F.ArenouBabusiaux, C.C.BabusiauxMOLINARO, RobertoRobertoMOLINAROMolnár, L.L.MolnárMONTEGRIFFO, PaoloPaoloMONTEGRIFFOMor, R.R.MorMORBIDELLI, RobertoRobertoMORBIDELLIPauwels, T.T.PauwelsMorel, T.T.MorelMorris, D.D.MorrisMulone, A. F.A. F.MuloneCharlot, P.P.CharlotGiuffrida, G.G.GiuffridaSartoretti, P.P.SartorettiMuraveva, TatianaTatianaMuravevaMUSELLA, ILARIAILARIAMUSELLANelemans, G.G.NelemansNICASTRO, LUCIANOLUCIANONICASTRONoval, L.L.NovalO'Mullane, W.W.O'MullanePetit, J. -M.J. -M.PetitOrdénovic, C.C.OrdénovicOrdóñez-Blanco, D.D.Ordóñez-BlancoGlass, F.F.GlassVALLENARI, AntonellaAntonellaVALLENARIOsborne, P.P.OsbornePagani, C.C.PaganiSiddiqui, H. I.H. I.SiddiquiPAGANO, IsabellaIsabellaPAGANOPailler, F.F.PaillerPalacin, H.H.PalacinPalaversa, L.L.PalaversaPanahi, A.A.PanahiRecio-Blanco, A.A.Recio-BlancoGomes, M.M.GomesPawlak, M.M.PawlakJean-Antoine-Piccolo, A.A.Jean-Antoine-PiccoloPIERSIMONI, Anna MarinaAnna MarinaPIERSIMONIPineau, F. -X.F. -X.PineauPlachy, E.E.PlachyPlum, G.G.PlumSoubiran, C.C.SoubiranPoggio, E.E.PoggioPoujoulet, E.E.PoujouletPrša, A.A.PršaGranvik, M.M.GranvikPULONE, LuigiLuigiPULONERichards, P. J.P. J.RichardsChemin, L.L.CheminRacero, E.E.RaceroRagaini, S.S.RagainiRambaux, N.N.RambauxRamos-Lerate, M.M.Ramos-LerateRegibo, S.S.RegiboRiclet, F.F.RicletWalton, N. A.N. A.WaltonGueguen, A.A.GueguenRIPEPI, VincenzoVincenzoRIPEPIRIVA, AlbertoAlbertoRIVARivard, A.A.RivardChiavassa, A.A.ChiavassaRimoldini, L.L.RimoldiniRixon, G.G.RixonRoegiers, T.T.RoegiersRoelens, M.M.RoelensRomero-Gómez, M.M.Romero-GómezRowell, N.N.RowellKlioner, S. A.S. A.KlionerRoyer, F.F.RoyerRuiz-Dern, L.L.Ruiz-DernCropper, M.M.CropperSadowski, G.G.SadowskiCocozza, G.G.CocozzaSagristà Sellés, T.T.Sagristà SellésSarro, L. M.L. M.SarroSahlmann, J.J.SahlmannSalgado, J.J.SalgadoSalguero, E.E.SalgueroGuerrier, A.A.GuerrierSANNA, NicolettaNicolettaSANNASantana-Ros, T.T.Santana-RosSARASSO, Maria MargheritaMaria MargheritaSARASSOSavietto, H.H.SaviettoSchultheis, M.M.SchultheisCostigan, G.G.CostiganDRIMMEL, RonaldRonaldDRIMMELSCIACCA, EvaEvaSCIACCABreddels, M. A.M. A.BreddelsSegol, M.M.SegolGuiraud, J.J.GuiraudSegovia, J. C.J. C.SegoviaSégransan, D.D.SégransanShih, I. -C.I. -C.ShihSiltala, L.L.SiltalaSilva, A. F.A. F.SilvaSMART, Richard LaurenceRichard LaurenceSMARTCowell, S.S.CowellSmith, K. W.K. W.SmithSolano, E.E.SolanoKatz, D.D.KatzGutiérrez-Sánchez, R.R.Gutiérrez-SánchezSiopis, C.C.SiopisSolitro, F.F.SolitroSORDO, ROSANNAROSANNASORDOSoria Nieto, S.S.Soria NietoSouchay, J.J.SouchaySPAGNA, AlessandroAlessandroSPAGNASpoto, F.F.SpotoCrifo, F.F.CrifoStampa, U.U.StampaSteele, I. A.I. A.SteeleMARRESE, Paola MariaPaola MariaMARRESESteidelmüller, H.H.SteidelmüllerStephenson, C. A.C. A.StephensonSmith, M.M.SmithGAI, MarioMarioGAIStoev, H.H.StoevSuess, F. F.F. F.SuessSurdej, J.J.SurdejSzabados, L.L.SzabadosCROSTA, MariateresaMariateresaCROSTASzegedi-Elek, E.E.Szegedi-ElekCannizzaro, G.G.CannizzaroTapiador, D.D.TapiadorTaris, F.F.TarisTauran, G.G.TauranTaylor, M. B.M. B.TaylorSOZZETTI, AlessandroAlessandroSOZZETTITeixeira, R.R.TeixeiraBakker, J.J.BakkerTerrett, D.D.TerrettTeyssandier, P.P.TeyssandierCrowley, C.C.CrowleyHofmann, W.W.HofmannThuillot, W.W.ThuillotTitarenko, A.A.TitarenkoTorra Clotet, F.F.Torra ClotetTuron, C.C.TuronUlla, A.A.UllaUtrilla, E.E.UtrillaSüveges, M.M.SüvegesUzzi, S.S.UzziVaillant, M.M.VaillantCacciari, C.C.CacciariHolland, G.G.HollandCuypers, J.J.CuypersValentini, G.G.ValentiniValette, V.V.Valettevan Elteren, A.A.van ElterenVan Hemelryck, E.E.Van Hemelryckvan Leeuwen, M.M.van LeeuwenVaschetto, M.M.VaschettoVECCHIATO, AlbertoAlbertoVECCHIATOTorra, J.J.TorraViala, Y.Y.VialaHuckle, H. E.H. E.HuckleVicente, D.D.VicenteDafonte, C.C.DafonteVogt, S.S.VogtCastañeda, J.J.Castañedavon Essen, C.C.von EssenVoss, H.H.VossVotruba, V.V.VotrubaVoutsinas, S.S.VoutsinasWalmsley, G.G.WalmsleyWeiler, M.M.WeilerHypki, A.A.Hypkivan Reeven, W.W.van ReevenWertz, O.O.WertzJordan, S.S.JordanWevems, T.T.WevemsWyrzykowski, Ł.Ł.WyrzykowskiYoldas, A.A.YoldasChaoul, L.L.ChaoulŽerjal, M.M.ŽerjalZiaeepour, H.H.ZiaeepourZorec, J.J.ZorecIcardi, V.V.IcardiZschocke, S.S.ZschockeZucker, S.S.ZuckerABBAS, UmmiUmmiABBASPrusti, T.T.PrustiZurbach, C.C.ZurbachZwitter, T.T.ZwitterCheek, N.N.CheekDe Angeli, F.F.De AngeliFabricius, C.C.FabriciusGuerra, R.R.GuerraJanßen, K.K.JanßenHoll, B.B.HollMasana, E.E.MasanaMessineo, R.R.MessineoMowlavi, N.N.MowlaviDamerdji, Y.Y.DamerdjiAbreu Aramburu, A.A.Abreu AramburuNienartowicz, K.K.NienartowiczPanuzzo, P.P.PanuzzoPortell, J.J.PortellRiello, M.M.RielloJevardat de Fombelle, G.G.Jevardat de FombelleSeabroke, G. M.G. M.SeabrokeTanga, P.P.TangaThévenin, F.F.ThéveninGracia-Abril, G.G.Gracia-AbrilCOMORETTO, GiovanniGiovanniCOMORETTODapergolas, A.A.DapergolasGarcia-Reinaldos, M.M.Garcia-ReinaldosAccart, S.S.AccartTeyssier, D.D.TeyssierAltmann, M.M.AltmannLammers, U.U.LammersAndrae, R.R.AndraeAudard, M.M.AudardBellas-Velidis, I.I.Bellas-VelidisBenson, K.K.BensonBerthier, J.J.BerthierBlomme, R.R.BlommeDavid, P.P.DavidBurgess, P.P.BurgessBusso, G.G.BussoAerts, C.C.AertsJonker, P. G.P. G.JonkerCarry, B.B.CarryCELLINO, AlbertoAlbertoCELLINOCLEMENTINI, GisellaGisellaCLEMENTINIClotet, M.M.ClotetCreevey, O.O.CreeveyDavidson, M.M.DavidsonDe Ridder, J.J.De RidderDavid, M.M.DavidDelchambre, L.L.DelchambreDELL'ORO, AldoAldoDELL'OROJuhász, Á. L.Á. L.JuhászDucourant, C.C.DucourantHobbs, D.D.HobbsFernández-Hernández, J.J.Fernández-HernándezFouesneau, M.M.FouesneauFrémat, Y.Y.FrématGalluccio, L.L.GalluccioGarcía-Torres, M.M.García-TorresGonzález-Núñez, J.J.González-Núñezde Laverny, P.P.de LavernyGonzález-Vidal, J. J.J. J.González-VidalCantat-Gaudin, T.T.Cantat-GaudinGosset, E.E.GossetGuy, L. P.L. P.GuyHalbwachs, J. -L.J. -L.HalbwachsALTAVILLA, GIUSEPPEGIUSEPPEALTAVILLAHambly, N. C.N. C.HamblyHarrison, D. L.D. L.HarrisonHernández, J.J.HernándezHestroffer, D.D.HestrofferHodgkin, S. T.S. T.HodgkinDE LUISE, FioreFioreDE LUISEMartín-Fleitas, J. M.J. M.Martín-FleitasHutton, A.A.HuttonJasniewicz, G.G.JasniewiczÁlvarez, M. A.M. A.ÁlvarezAlvarez, R.R.AlvarezAlves, J.J.AlvesAnderson, R. I.R. I.AndersonAndrei, A. H.A. H.AndreiAnglada Varela, E.E.Anglada VarelaAntiche, E.E.AnticheArcay, B.B.ArcayJulbe, F.F.JulbeDe March, R.R.De MarchAstraatmadja, T. L.T. L.AstraatmadjaJordi, C.C.JordiBach, N.N.BachBaker, S. G.S. G.BakerBalaguer-Núñez, L.L.Balaguer-NúñezBalm, P.P.BalmBarache, C.C.BaracheBarata, C.C.BarataBarbato, D.D.BarbatoKarampelas, A.A.KarampelasBarblan, F.F.BarblanDE MARTINO, DomitillaDomitillaDE MARTINOBarklem, P. S.P. S.BarklemBarrado, D.D.BarradoPANCINO, ELENAELENAPANCINOBarros, M.M.BarrosBarstow, M. A.M. A.BarstowBartholomé Muñoz, S.S.Bartholomé MuñozBassilana, J. -L.J. -L.BassilanaBECCIANI, UgoUgoBECCIANIKewley, A.A.KewleyBELLAZZINI, MicheleMicheleBELLAZZINIBerihuete, A.A.Berihuetede Souza, R.R.de SouzaBERTONE, StefanoStefanoBERTONEBianchi, L.L.BianchiBienaymé, O.O.BienayméReylé, C.C.ReyléBlanco-Cuaresma, S.S.Blanco-CuaresmaBoch, T.T.BochBOECHE, CORRADOCORRADOBOECHEKlar, J.J.KlarBombrun, A.A.BombrunBorrachero, R.R.BorracheroBossini, D.D.BossiniKorn, A. J.A. J.KornBouquillon, S.S.BouquillonBourda, G.G.BourdaBRAGAGLIA, AngelaAngelaBRAGAGLIABramante, L.L.BramanteVeljanoski, J.J.VeljanoskiBressan, A.A.BressanKochoska, A.A.KochoskaBrouillet, N.N.BrouilletBrüsemeister, T.T.BrüsemeisterBrugaletta, ElisaElisaBrugalettaBUCCIARELLI, BeatriceBeatriceBUCCIARELLIde Torres, A.A.de TorresBurlacu, A.A.BurlacuBUSONERO, DeborahDeborahBUSONEROButkevich, A. G.A. G.ButkevichBUZZI, RAFFAELLARAFFAELLABUZZICaffau, E.E.CaffauKohley, R.R.KohleyBrown, A. G. A.A. G. A.BrownCancelliere, R.R.Cancellierede Bruijne, J. H. J.J. H. J.de BruijneDebosscher, J.J.Debosscherdel Pozo, E.E.del PozoDelbo, M.M.DelboDelgado, A.A.DelgadoDelgado, H. E.H. E.DelgadoDi Matteo, P.P.Di MatteoDiakite, S.S.DiakiteKolenberg, K.K.KolenbergDiener, C.C.DienerKrone-Martins, A.A.Krone-MartinsDISTEFANO, Elisa Maria CarmelaElisa Maria CarmelaDISTEFANODolding, C.C.DoldingBailer-Jones, C. A. L.C. A. L.Bailer-JonesDrazinos, P.P.DrazinosDurán, J.J.DuránEdvardsson, B.B.EdvardssonEnke, H.H.EnkeEriksson, K.K.ErikssonKontizas, M.M.KontizasEsquej, P.P.EsquejEynard Bontemps, G.G.Eynard BontempsLanzafame, Alessandro CarmeloAlessandro CarmeloLanzafameFabre, C.C.FabreFABRIZIO, MicheleMicheleFABRIZIOFaigler, S.S.FaiglerEvans, D. W.D. W.EvansFalcão, A. J.A. J.FalcãoFarràs Casas, M.M.Farràs CasasFederici, L.L.FedericiLuri, X.X.LuriFedorets, G.G.FedoretsFernique, P.P.FerniqueFigueras, F.F.FiguerasLebzelter, T.T.LebzelterFilippi, F.F.FilippiFindeisen, K.K.FindeisenFonti, A.A.FontiFraile, E.E.FraileEyer, L.L.EyerFraser, M.M.FraserCarballo, R.R.CarballoFrézouls, B.B.FrézoulsGAI, MarioMarioGAIGALLETI, SILVIASILVIAGALLETIGarabato, D.D.GarabatoLöffler, W.W.LöfflerGarcía-Sedano, F.F.García-SedanoGAROFALO, AlessiaAlessiaGAROFALOGarralda, N.N.GarraldaGavel, A.A.GavelGavras, P.P.GavrasKontizas, E.E.KontizasJansen, F.F.JansenGerssen, J.J.GerssenGeyer, R.R.GeyerGIACOBBE, PaoloPaoloGIACOBBEGilmore, G.G.GilmoreManteiga, M.M.ManteigaGirona, S.S.GironaBiermann, M.M.BiermannKoposov, S. E.S. E.KoposovKordopatis, G.G.KordopatisKostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z.Z.Kostrzewa-RutkowskaKoubsky, P.P.KoubskyLambert, S.S.LambertLANZA, Antonino FrancescoAntonino FrancescoLANZALasne, Y.Y.LasneLavigne, J. -B.J. -B.LavigneCarlucci, T.T.CarlucciLe Fustec, Y.Y.Le FustecMignard, F.F.MignardMoitinho, A.A.MoitinhoLe Poncin-Lafitte, C.C.Le Poncin-LafitteLebreton, Y.Y.LebretonLECCIA, SilvioSilvioLECCIALeclerc, N.N.LeclercLecoeur-Taibi, I.I.Lecoeur-TaibiLenhardt, H.H.LenhardtLeroux, F.F.LerouxCarrasco, J. M.J. M.CarrascoLiao, S.S.LiaoLICATA, ENRICOENRICOLICATALindstrøm, H. E. P.H. E. P.LindstrømMora, A.A.MoraPanem, C.C.PanemLister, T. A.T. A.ListerLivanou, E.E.LivanouLobel, A.A.LobelLópez, M.M.LópezManagau, S.S.ManagauCasamiquela, L.L.CasamiquelaMann, R. G.R. G.MannMantelet, G.G.ManteletMarchal, O.O.MarchalMarchant, J. M.J. M.MarchantMuinonen, K.K.MuinonenMARCONI, MarcellaMarcellaMARCONIPourbaix, D.D.PourbaixMARINONI, SILVIASILVIAMARINONIMarschalkó, G.G.MarschalkóMarshall, D. J.D. J.MarshallCASTELLANI, MarcoMarcoCASTELLANIMartino, M.M.MartinoMarton, G.G.MartonMary, N.N.MaryMatijevič, G.G.MatijevičMazeh, T.T.MazehOsinde, J.J.OsindeMESSINA, SergioSergioMESSINAMichalik, D.D.MichalikRANDICH, Maria SofiaMaria SofiaRANDICHMillar, N. R.N. R.MillarCastro-Ginard, A.A.Castro-GinardMolina, D.D.Molina2020-12-282020-12-2820180004-6361http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/29255Note to the Readers: Following the publication of the <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/05/aa32698e-18/aa32698e-18.html">corrigendum</a>, the article was corrected on 15 May 2020. Context. Aims: The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the outstanding quality of the second data release of the Gaia mission and its power for constraining many different aspects of the dynamics of the satellites of the Milky Way. We focus here on determining the proper motions of 75 Galactic globular clusters, nine dwarf spheroidal galaxies, one ultra-faint system, and the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Methods: Using data extracted from the Gaia archive, we derived the proper motions and parallaxes for these systems, as well as their uncertainties. We demonstrate that the errors, statistical and systematic, are relatively well understood. We integrated the orbits of these objects in three different Galactic potentials, and characterised their properties. We present the derived proper motions, space velocities, and characteristic orbital parameters in various tables to facilitate their use by the astronomical community. Results: Our limited and straightforward analyses have allowed us for example to (i) determine absolute and very precise proper motions for globular clusters; (ii) detect clear rotation signatures in the proper motions of at least five globular clusters; (iii) show that the satellites of the Milky Way are all on high-inclination orbits, but that they do not share a single plane of motion; (iv) derive a lower limit for the mass of the Milky Way of 9.1-2.6+6.2 × 1011 M☉ based on the assumption that the Leo I dwarf spheroidal is bound; (v) derive a rotation curve for the Large Magellanic Cloud based solely on proper motions that is competitive with line-of-sight velocity curves, now using many orders of magnitude more sources; and (vi) unveil the dynamical effect of the bar on the motions of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Conclusions: All these results highlight the incredible power of the Gaia astrometric mission, and in particular of its second data release. Full Table D.3 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (<A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr">http://130.79.128.5</A>) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/616/A12">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/616/A12STAMPAenGaia Data Release 2. Kinematics of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies around the Milky WayArticle10.1051/0004-6361/2018326982-s2.0-85051852234000441203000012http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.09381v2https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2018/08/aa32698-18/aa32698-18.html2018A&A...616A..12GFIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICAERC sectors::Physical Sciences and Engineering