First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole

Event Horizon Telescope CollaborationAkiyama, KazunoriKazunoriAkiyamaAlberdi, AntxonAntxonAlberdiAlef, WalterWalterAlefAlgaba, Juan CarlosJuan CarlosAlgabaAnantua, RichardRichardAnantuaAsada, KeiichiKeiichiAsadaAzulay, RebeccaRebeccaAzulayBach, UweUweBachBaczko, Anne-KathrinAnne-KathrinBaczkoBall, DavidDavidBallBaloković, MislavMislavBalokovićBarrett, JohnJohnBarrettBauböck, MichiMichiBauböckBenson, Bradford A.Bradford A.BensonBintley, DanDanBintleyBlackburn, LindyLindyBlackburnBlundell, RaymondRaymondBlundellBouman, Katherine L.Katherine L.BoumanBower, Geoffrey C.Geoffrey C.BowerBoyce, HopeHopeBoyceBremer, MichaelMichaelBremerBrinkerink, Christiaan D.Christiaan D.BrinkerinkBrissenden, RogerRogerBrissendenBritzen, SilkeSilkeBritzenBroderick, Avery E.Avery E.BroderickBroguiere, DominiqueDominiqueBroguiereBronzwaer, ThomasThomasBronzwaerBustamante, SandraSandraBustamanteByun, Do-YoungDo-YoungByunCarlstrom, John E.John E.CarlstromCeccobello, ChiaraChiaraCeccobelloChael, AndrewAndrewChaelChan, Chi-kwanChi-kwanChanChatterjee, KoushikKoushikChatterjeeChatterjee, ShamiShamiChatterjeeChen, Ming-TangMing-TangChenChen, YongjunYongjunChenCheng, XiaopengXiaopengChengCho, IljeIljeChoChristian, PierrePierreChristianConroy, Nicholas S.Nicholas S.ConroyConway, John E.John E.ConwayCordes, James M.James M.CordesCrawford, Thomas M.Thomas M.CrawfordCrew, Geoffrey B.Geoffrey B.CrewCruz-Osorio, AlejandroAlejandroCruz-OsorioCui, YuzhuYuzhuCuiDavelaar, JordyJordyDavelaarDe Laurentis, MariafeliciaMariafeliciaDe LaurentisDeane, RogerRogerDeaneDempsey, JessicaJessicaDempseyDesvignes, GregoryGregoryDesvignesDexter, JasonJasonDexterDhruv, VedantVedantDhruvDoeleman, Sheperd S.Sheperd S.DoelemanDougal, SeanSeanDougalDzib, Sergio A.Sergio A.DzibEatough, Ralph P.Ralph P.EatoughEmami, RaziehRaziehEmamiFalcke, HeinoHeinoFalckeFarah, JosephJosephFarahFish, Vincent L.Vincent L.FishFomalont, EdEdFomalontFord, H. AlysonH. AlysonFordFraga-Encinas, RaquelRaquelFraga-EncinasFreeman, William T.William T.FreemanFriberg, PerPerFribergFromm, Christian M.Christian M.FrommFuentes, AntonioAntonioFuentesGalison, PeterPeterGalisonGammie, Charles F.Charles F.GammieGarcía, RobertoRobertoGarcíaGentaz, OlivierOlivierGentazGeorgiev, BorisBorisGeorgievGoddi, CiriacoCiriacoGoddiGold, RomanRomanGoldGómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.Arturo I.Gómez-RuizGómez, José L.José L.GómezGu, MinfengMinfengGuGurwell, MarkMarkGurwellHada, KazuhiroKazuhiroHadaHaggard, DarylDarylHaggardHaworth, KariKariHaworthHecht, Michael H.Michael H.HechtHesper, RonaldRonaldHesperHeumann, DirkDirkHeumannHo, Luis C.Luis C.HoHo, PaulPaulHoHonma, MarekiMarekiHonmaHuang, Chih-Wei L.Chih-Wei L.HuangHuang, LeiLeiHuangHughes, David H.David H.HughesIkeda, ShiroShiroIkedaViolette Impellizzeri, C. M.C. M.Violette ImpellizzeriInoue, MakotoMakotoInoueIssaoun, SaraSaraIssaounJames, David J.David J.JamesJannuzi, Buell T.Buell T.JannuziJanssen, MichaelMichaelJanssenJeter, BrittonBrittonJeterJiang, WuWuJiangJiménez-Rosales, AlejandraAlejandraJiménez-RosalesJohnson, Michael D.Michael D.JohnsonJorstad, SvetlanaSvetlanaJorstadJoshi, Abhishek V.Abhishek V.JoshiJung, TaehyunTaehyunJungKarami, MansourMansourKaramiKaruppusamy, RameshRameshKaruppusamyKawashima, TomohisaTomohisaKawashimaKeating, Garrett K.Garrett K.KeatingKettenis, MarkMarkKettenisKim, Dong-JinDong-JinKimKim, Jae-YoungJae-YoungKimKim, JongsooJongsooKimKim, JunhanJunhanKimKino, MotokiMotokiKinoKoay, Jun YiJun YiKoayKocherlakota, PrashantPrashantKocherlakotaKofuji, YutaroYutaroKofujiKoch, Patrick M.Patrick M.KochKoyama, ShokoShokoKoyamaKramer, CarstenCarstenKramerKramer, MichaelMichaelKramerKrichbaum, Thomas P.Thomas P.KrichbaumKuo, Cheng-YuCheng-YuKuoLA BELLA, NOEMINOEMILA BELLALauer, Tod R.Tod R.LauerLee, DaeyoungDaeyoungLeeLee, Sang-SungSang-SungLeeLeung, Po KinPo KinLeungLevis, AviadAviadLevisLi, ZhiyuanZhiyuanLiLICO, RoccoRoccoLICOLindahl, GregGregLindahlLindqvist, MichaelMichaelLindqvistLisakov, MikhailMikhailLisakovLiu, JunJunLiuLiu, KuoKuoLiuLIUZZO, Elisabetta TeodorinaElisabetta TeodorinaLIUZZOLo, Wen-PingWen-PingLoLobanov, Andrei P.Andrei P.LobanovLoinard, LaurentLaurentLoinardLonsdale, Colin J.Colin J.LonsdaleLu, Ru-SenRu-SenLuMao, JirongJirongMaoMARCHILI, NicolaNicolaMARCHILIMarkoff, SeraSeraMarkoffMarrone, Daniel P.Daniel P.MarroneMarscher, Alan P.Alan P.MarscherMartí-Vidal, IvánIvánMartí-VidalMatsushita, SatokiSatokiMatsushitaMatthews, Lynn D.Lynn D.MatthewsMedeiros, LiaLiaMedeirosMenten, Karl M.Karl M.MentenMichalik, DanielDanielMichalikMizuno, IzumiIzumiMizunoMizuno, YosukeYosukeMizunoMoran, James M.James M.MoranMoriyama, KotaroKotaroMoriyamaMoscibrodzka, MonikaMonikaMoscibrodzkaMüller, CorneliaCorneliaMüllerMus, AlejandroAlejandroMusMusoke, GibwaGibwaMusokeMyserlis, IoannisIoannisMyserlisNadolski, AndrewAndrewNadolskiNagai, HiroshiHiroshiNagaiNagar, Neil M.Neil M.NagarNakamura, MasanoriMasanoriNakamuraNarayan, RameshRameshNarayanNarayanan, GopalGopalNarayananNatarajan, IniyanIniyanNatarajanNathanail, AntoniosAntoniosNathanailNavarro Fuentes, SantiagoSantiagoNavarro FuentesNeilsen, JoeyJoeyNeilsenNeri, RobertoRobertoNeriNi, ChunchongChunchongNiNoutsos, AristeidisAristeidisNoutsosNowak, Michael A.Michael A.NowakOh, JunghwanJunghwanOhOkino, HirokiHirokiOkinoOlivares, HéctorHéctorOlivaresOrtiz-León, Gisela N.Gisela N.Ortiz-LeónOyama, TomoakiTomoakiOyamaÖzel, FeryalFeryalÖzelPalumbo, Daniel C. M.Daniel C. M.PalumboFilippos Paraschos, GeorgiosGeorgiosFilippos ParaschosPark, JonghoJonghoParkParsons, HarrietHarrietParsonsPatel, NimeshNimeshPatelPen, Ue-LiUe-LiPenPesce, Dominic W.Dominic W.PescePiétu, VincentVincentPiétuPlambeck, RichardRichardPlambeckPopStefanija, AleksandarAleksandarPopStefanijaPorth, OliverOliverPorthPötzl, Felix M.Felix M.PötzlPrather, BenBenPratherPreciado-López, Jorge A.Jorge A.Preciado-LópezPsaltis, DimitriosDimitriosPsaltisPu, Hung-YiHung-YiPuRamakrishnan, VenkatesshVenkatesshRamakrishnanRao, RamprasadRamprasadRaoRawlings, Mark G.Mark G.RawlingsRaymond, Alexander W.Alexander W.RaymondRezzolla, LucianoLucianoRezzollaRicarte, AngeloAngeloRicarteRipperda, BartBartRipperdaRoelofs, FreekFreekRoelofsRogers, AlanAlanRogersRos, EduardoEduardoRosRomero-Cañizales, CristinaCristinaRomero-CañizalesRoshanineshat, ArashArashRoshanineshatRottmann, HelgeHelgeRottmannRoy, Alan L.Alan L.RoyRuiz, IgnacioIgnacioRuizRuszczyk, ChetChetRuszczykRYGL, Kazi Lucie JessicaKazi Lucie JessicaRYGLSánchez, SalvadorSalvadorSánchezSánchez-Argüelles, DavidDavidSánchez-ArgüellesSánchez-Portal, MiguelMiguelSánchez-PortalSasada, MahitoMahitoSasadaSatapathy, KaushikKaushikSatapathySavolainen, TuomasTuomasSavolainenSchloerb, F. PeterF. PeterSchloerbSchonfeld, JonathanJonathanSchonfeldSchuster, Karl-FriedrichKarl-FriedrichSchusterShao, LijingLijingShaoShen, ZhiqiangZhiqiangShenSmall, DesDesSmallSohn, Bong WonBong WonSohnSooHoo, JasonJasonSooHooSouccar, KamalKamalSouccarSun, HeHeSunTazaki, FumieFumieTazakiTetarenko, Alexandra J.Alexandra J.TetarenkoTiede, PaulPaulTiedeTilanus, Remo P. J.Remo P. J.TilanusTitus, MichaelMichaelTitusTorne, PabloPabloTorneTraianou, EfthaliaEfthaliaTraianouTrent, TylerTylerTrentTrippe, SaschaSaschaTrippeTurk, MatthewMatthewTurkvan Bemmel, IlseIlsevan Bemmelvan Langevelde, Huib JanHuib Janvan Langeveldevan Rossum, Daniel R.Daniel R.van RossumVos, JesseJesseVosWagner, JanJanWagnerWard-Thompson, DerekDerekWard-ThompsonWardle, JohnJohnWardleWeintroub, JonathanJonathanWeintroubWex, NorbertNorbertWexWharton, RobertRobertWhartonWielgus, MaciekMaciekWielgusWiik, KajKajWiikWitzel, GuntherGuntherWitzelWondrak, Michael F.Michael F.WondrakWong, George N.George N.WongWu, QingwenQingwenWuYamaguchi, PaulPaulYamaguchiYoon, DoosooDoosooYoonYoung, AndréAndréYoungYoung, KenKenYoungYounsi, ZiriZiriYounsiYuan, FengFengYuanYuan, Ye-FeiYe-FeiYuanZensus, J. AntonJ. AntonZensusZhang, ShuoShuoZhangZhao, Guang-YaoGuang-YaoZhaoZhao, Shan-ShanShan-ShanZhaoChan, Tin LokTin LokChanQiu, RichardRichardQiuRessler, SeanSeanResslerWhite, ChrisChrisWhite2025-03-032025-03-0320222041-8205http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/36359In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 μm, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i ≤ 30°. They have accretion rate (5.2-9.5) × 10-9 M ⊙ yr-1, bolometric luminosity (6.8-9.2) × 1035 erg s-1, and outflow power (1.3-4.8) × 1038 erg s-1. We also find that all models with i ≥ 70° fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 μm flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.STAMPAenFirst Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black HoleArticle10.3847/2041-8213/ac66722-s2.0-85131935917https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85131935917https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ac66722022ApJ...930L..16EFIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICAERC sectors::Physical Sciences and Engineering::PE9 Universe sciences: astro-physics/chemistry/biology; solar systems; stellar, galactic and extragalactic astronomy, planetary systems, cosmology, space science, instrumentation