Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 ×10 17 and 2 ×10 18 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Aab, A.A.AabAbreu, P.P.AbreuAGLIETTA, MARCOMARCOAGLIETTAAlbury, J. M.J. M.AlburyAllekotte, I.I.AllekotteAlmela, A.A.AlmelaAlvarez Castillo, J.J.Alvarez CastilloAlvarez-Muñiz, J.J.Alvarez-MuñizAnastasi, G. A.G. A.AnastasiAnchordoqui, L.L.AnchordoquiAndrada, B.B.AndradaAndringa, S.S.AndringaAramo, C.C.AramoAraújo Ferreira, P. R.P. R.Araújo FerreiraAsorey, H.H.AsoreyAssis, P.P.AssisAvila, G.G.AvilaBadescu, A. M.A. M.BadescuBakalova, A.A.BakalovaBalaceanu, A.A.BalaceanuBarbato, F.F.BarbatoBarreira Luz, R. J.R. J.Barreira LuzBecker, K. H.K. H.BeckerBellido, J. A.J. A.BellidoBerat, C.C.BeratBertaina, M. E.M. E.BertainaBertou, X.X.BertouBiermann, P. L.P. L.BiermannBister, T.T.BisterBiteau, J.J.BiteauBlanco, A.A.BlancoBlazek, J.J.BlazekBleve, C.C.BleveBoháčová, M.M.BoháčováBoncioli, D.D.BoncioliBonifazi, C.C.BonifaziBonneau Arbeletche, L.L.Bonneau ArbeletcheBorodai, N.N.BorodaiBotti, A. M.A. M.BottiBrack, J.J.BrackBretz, T.T.BretzBriechle, F. L.F. L.BriechleBuchholz, P.P.BuchholzBueno, A.A.BuenoBuitink, S.S.BuitinkBuscemi, M.M.BuscemiCaballero-Mora, K. S.K. S.Caballero-MoraCaccianiga, L.L.CaccianigaCalcagni, L.L.CalcagniCancio, A.A.CancioCanfora, F.F.CanforaCaracas, I.I.CaracasCarceller, J. M.J. M.CarcellerCaruso, R.R.CarusoCASTELLINA, ANTONELLAANTONELLACASTELLINACatalani, F.F.CatalaniCataldi, G.G.CataldiCazon, L.L.CazonCerda, M.M.CerdaChinellato, J. A.J. A.ChinellatoChoi, K.K.ChoiChudoba, J.J.ChudobaChytka, L.L.ChytkaClay, R. W.R. W.ClayCobos Cerutti, A. C.A. C.Cobos CeruttiColalillo, R.R.ColalilloColeman, A.A.ColemanColuccia, M. R.M. R.ColucciaConceição, R.R.ConceiçãoCondorelli, A.A.CondorelliConsolati, G.G.ConsolatiContreras, F.F.ContrerasConvenga, F.F.ConvengaCovault, C. E.C. E.CovaultDasso, S.S.DassoDaumiller, K.K.DaumillerDawson, B. R.B. R.DawsonDay, J. A.J. A.Dayde Almeida, R. M.R. M.de Almeidade Jesús, J.J.de Jesúsde Jong, S. J.S. J.de JongDe Mauro, G.G.De Maurode Mello Neto, J. R. T.J. R. 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L.GhiaGiaccari, U.U.GiaccariGiammarchi, M.M.GiammarchiGiller, M.M.GillerGlombitza, J.J.GlombitzaGobbi, F.F.GobbiGolup, G.G.GolupGómez Berisso, M.M.Gómez BerissoGómez Vitale, P. F.P. F.Gómez VitaleGongora, J. P.J. P.GongoraGonzález, N.N.GonzálezGoos, I.I.GoosGóra, D.D.GóraGORGI, AlessioAlessioGORGIGottowik, M.M.GottowikGrubb, T. D.T. D.GrubbGuarino, F.F.GuarinoGuedes, G. P.G. P.GuedesGuido, E.E.GuidoHahn, S.S.HahnHalliday, R.R.HallidayHampel, M. R.M. R.HampelHansen, P.P.HansenHarari, D.D.HarariHarvey, V. M.V. M.HarveyHaungs, A.A.HaungsHebbeker, T.T.HebbekerHeck, D.D.HeckHill, G. C.G. C.HillHojvat, C.C.HojvatHörandel, J. R.J. R.HörandelHorvath, P.P.HorvathHrabovský, M.M.HrabovskýHuege, T.T.HuegeHulsman, J.J.HulsmanInsolia, A.A.InsoliaIsar, P. G.P. G.IsarJohnsen, J. A.J. A.JohnsenJurysek, J.J.JurysekKääpä, A.A.KääpäKampert, K. H.K. H.KampertKeilhauer, B.B.KeilhauerKemp, J.J.KempKlages, H. O.H. O.KlagesKleifges, M.M.KleifgesKleinfeller, J.J.KleinfellerKöpke, M.M.KöpkeKukec Mezek, G.G.Kukec MezekLago, B. L.B. L.LagoLaHurd, D.D.LaHurdLang, R. G.R. G.LangLeigui de Oliveira, M. A.M. A.Leigui de OliveiraLenok, V.V.LenokLetessier-Selvon, A.A.Letessier-SelvonLhenry-Yvon, I.I.Lhenry-YvonLo Presti, D.D.Lo PrestiLopes, L.L.LopesLópez, R.R.LópezLópez Casado, A.A.López CasadoLorek, R.R.LorekLuce, Q.Q.LuceLucero, A.A.LuceroMachado Payeras, A.A.Machado PayerasMalacari, M.M.MalacariMancarella, G.G.MancarellaMandat, D.D.MandatManning, B. C.B. C.ManningManshanden, J.J.ManshandenMantsch, P.P.MantschMariazzi, A. G.A. G.MariazziMariş, I. C.I. C.MarişMarsella, G.G.MarsellaMartello, D.D.MartelloMartinez, H.H.MartinezMartínez Bravo, O.O.Martínez BravoMastrodicasa, M.M.MastrodicasaMathes, H. J.H. J.MathesMatthews, J.J.MatthewsMatthiae, G.G.MatthiaeMayotte, E.E.MayotteMazur, P. O.P. 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D.Sanabria GomezSánchez, F.F.SánchezSantos, E. M.E. M.SantosSantos, E.E.SantosSarazin, F.F.SarazinSarmento, R.R.SarmentoSarmiento-Cano, C.C.Sarmiento-CanoSato, R.R.SatoSavina, P.P.SavinaSchäfer, C.C.SchäferScherini, V.V.ScheriniSchieler, H.H.SchielerSchimassek, M.M.SchimassekSchimp, M.M.SchimpSchlüter, F.F.SchlüterSchmidt, D.D.SchmidtScholten, O.O.ScholtenSchovánek, P.P.SchovánekSchröder, F. G.F. G.SchröderSchröder, S.S.SchröderSciutto, S. J.S. J.SciuttoScornavacche, M.M.ScornavaccheShellard, R. C.R. C.ShellardSigl, G.G.SiglSilli, G.G.SilliSima, O.O.SimaŠmída, R.R.ŠmídaSommers, P.P.SommersSoriano, J. F.J. F.SorianoSouchard, J.J.SouchardSquartini, R.R.SquartiniStadelmaier, M.M.StadelmaierStanca, D.D.StancaStanič, S.S.StaničStasielak, J.J.StasielakStassi, P.P.StassiStreich, A.A.StreichSuárez-Durán, M.M.Suárez-DuránSudholz, T.T.SudholzSuomijärvi, T.T.SuomijärviSupanitsky, A. D.A. D.SupanitskyŠupík, J.J.ŠupíkSzadkowski, Z.Z.SzadkowskiTaboada, A.A.TaboadaTaborda, O. A.O. A.TabordaTapia, A.A.TapiaTimmermans, C.C.TimmermansTobiska, P.P.TobiskaTodero Peixoto, C. J.C. J.Todero PeixotoTomé, B.B.ToméTorralba Elipe, G.G.Torralba ElipeTravaini, A.A.TravainiTravnicek, P.P.TravnicekTrimarelli, C.C.TrimarelliTrini, M.M.TriniTueros, M.M.TuerosUlrich, R.R.UlrichUnger, M.M.UngerUrban, M.M.UrbanVaclavek, L.L.VaclavekValdés Galicia, J. F.J. F.Valdés GaliciaValiño, I.I.ValiñoValore, L.L.Valorevan Vliet, A.A.van VlietVarela, E.E.VarelaVargas Cárdenas, B.B.Vargas CárdenasVásquez-Ramírez, A.A.Vásquez-RamírezVeberič, D.D.VeberičVentura, C.C.VenturaVergara Quispe, I. D.I. D.Vergara QuispeVerzi, V.V.VerziVicha, J.J.VichaVillaseñor, L.L.VillaseñorVink, J.J.VinkVorobiov, S.S.VorobiovWahlberg, H.H.WahlbergWatson, A. A.A. A.WatsonWeber, M.M.WeberWeindl, A.A.WeindlWiencke, L.L.WienckeWilczyński, H.H.WilczyńskiWinchen, T.T.WinchenWirtz, M.M.WirtzWittkowski, D.D.WittkowskiWundheiler, B.B.WundheilerYushkov, A.A.YushkovZapparrata, O.O.ZapparrataZas, E.E.ZasZavrtanik, D.D.ZavrtanikZavrtanik, M.M.ZavrtanikZehrer, L.L.ZehrerZepeda, A.A.ZepedaZiolkowski, M.M.ZiolkowskiZuccarello, FrancescaFrancescaZuccarelloAuger Collaboration2022-02-212022-02-2120201434-6044http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/31431The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between 2 ×1017 and 2 ×1018 eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at 1017.5eV and 1018eV . We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of 38 % ±4 %(12 %) ±18%21 % for EPOS-LHC, and of 50 %(53 %) ±4 %(13 %) ±20%23 % for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed.STAMPAenDirect measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2 ×10 17 and 2 ×10 18 eV at the Pierre Auger ObservatoryArticle10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y2-s2.0-85089537583WOS:000564267800003https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-yhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/850895375832020EPJC...80..751AFIS/05 - ASTRONOMIA E ASTROFISICA