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Infall and outflow towards high-mass starless clump candidates

Journal
Date Issued
2023
Author(s)
Pillai, T. G. S.
•
Urquhart, J. S.
•
•
Zhang, Q.
•
•
Colombo, D.
•
Wang, K.
•
Gomez, L.
•
Wyrowski, F.
DOI
Abstract
The evolutionary sequence for high-mass star formation starts with massive starless clumps that go on to form protostellar, young stellar objects and then compact H II regions. While there are many examples of the three later stages, the very early stages have proved to be elusive. We follow-up a sample of 110 mid-infrared dark clumps selected from the ATLASGAL catalogue with the IRAM telescope in an effort to identify a robust sample of massive starless clumps. We have used the HCO+ and HNC (1-0) transitions to identify clumps associated with infall motion and the SiO (2-1) transition to identity outflow candidates. We have found blue asymmetric line profile in 65 per cent of the sample, and have measured the infall velocities and mass infall rates (0.6-36 × 10-3 M⊙ yr-1) for 33 of these clumps. We find a trend for the mass infall rate decreasing with an increase of bolometric luminosity to clump mass, i.e. star formation within the clumps evolves. Using the SiO 2-1 line, we have identified good outflow candidates. Combining the infall and outflow tracers reveals that 67 per cent of quiescent clumps are already undergoing gravitational collapse or are associated with star formation; these clumps provide us with our best opportunity to determine the initial conditions and study the earliest stages of massive star formation. Finally, we provide an overview of a systematic high-resolution ALMA study of quiescent clumps selected that allows us to develop a detailed understanding of earliest stages and their subsequent evolution.
Volume
522
Issue
3
Start page
3357
Uri
Url
Issn Identifier
0035-8711
Ads BibCode
2023MNRAS.522.3357P
Rights
open.access
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