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http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/26855
Title: | The earliest phases of high-mass star formation, as seen in NGC 6334 by Herschel-HOBYS | Authors: | Tigé, J. Motte, F. Russeil, D. Zavagno, A. Hennemann, M. Schneider, N. Hill, T. Nguyen Luong, Q. Di Francesco, J. Bontemps, S. Louvet, F. Didelon, P. Könyves, V. André, Ph. Leuleu, G. Bardagi, J. Anderson, L. D. Arzoumanian, D. BENEDETTINI, Milena Bernard, J. -P. ELIA, Davide Quintino Figueira, M. Kirk, J. Martin, P. G. Minier, V. MOLINARI, Sergio Nony, T. Persi, P. PEZZUTO, Stefano Polychroni, D. Rayner, T. Rivera-Ingraham, A. Roussel, H. RYGL, Kazi Lucie Jessica SPINOGLIO, Luigi Giuseppe Maria White, G. J. |
Issue Date: | 2017 | Journal: | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | Number: | 602 | First Page: | A77 | Abstract: | Aims: To constrain models of high-mass star formation, the Herschel-HOBYS key program aims at discovering massive dense cores (MDCs) able to host the high-mass analogs of low-mass prestellar cores, which have been searched for over the past decade. We here focus on NGC 6334, one of the best-studied HOBYS molecular cloud complexes. <BR /> Methods: We used Herschel/PACS and SPIRE 70-500 μm images of the NGC 6334 complex complemented with (sub)millimeter and mid-infrared data. We built a complete procedure to extract 0.1 pc dense cores with the getsources software, which simultaneously measures their far-infrared to millimeter fluxes. We carefully estimated the temperatures and masses of these dense cores from their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We also identified the densest pc-scale cloud structures of NGC 6334, one 2 pc × 1 pc ridge and two 0.8 pc × 0.8 pc hubs, with volume-averaged densities of 10<SUP>5</SUP> cm<SUP>-3</SUP>. <BR /> Results: A cross-correlation with high-mass star formation signposts suggests a mass threshold of 75 M<SUB>☉</SUB> for MDCs in NGC 6334. MDCs have temperatures of 9.5-40 K, masses of 75-1000 M<SUB>☉</SUB>, and densities of 1 × 10<SUP>5</SUP>-7 × 10<SUP>7</SUP> cm<SUP>-3</SUP>. Their mid-infrared emission is used to separate 6 IR-bright and 10 IR-quiet protostellar MDCs while their 70 μm emission strength, with respect to fitted SEDs, helps identify 16 starless MDC candidates. The ability of the latter to host high-mass prestellar cores is investigated here and remains questionable. An increase in mass and density from the starless to the IR-quiet and IR-bright phases suggests that the protostars and MDCs simultaneously grow in mass. The statistical lifetimes of the high-mass prestellar and protostellar core phases, estimated to be 1-7 × 10<SUP>4</SUP> yr and at most 3 × 10<SUP>5</SUP> yr respectively, suggest a dynamical scenario of high-mass star formation. <BR /> Conclusions: The present study provides good mass estimates for a statistically significant sample, covering the earliest phases of high-mass star formation. High-mass prestellar cores may not exist in NGC 6334, favoring a scenario presented here, which simultaneously forms clouds, ridges, MDCs, and high-mass protostars. <P />Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. Catalogs built from Tables A.1-A.12, are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (<A href="http://130.79.128.5">http://130.79.128.5</A>) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/602/A77">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/602/A77 | URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/26855 | URL: | https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2017/06/aa28989-16/aa28989-16.html | ISSN: | 0004-6361 | DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/201628989 | Bibcode ADS: | 2017A&A...602A..77T | Fulltext: | open |
Appears in Collections: | 1.01 Articoli in rivista |
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File | Description | Size | Format | |
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tige2017.pdf | PDF editoriale | 72.85 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
aa28989-16 compr.pdf | Miur | 6.86 MB | Adobe PDF |
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