Radio outburst from a massive (proto)star. When accretion turns into ejection

Abstract

Context. Recent observations of the massive young stellar object <ASTROBJ>S255 NIRS 3</ASTROBJ> have revealed a large increase in both methanol maser flux density and IR emission, which have been interpreted as the result of an accretion outburst, possibly due to instabilities in a circumstellar disk. This indicates that this type of accretion event could be common in young/forming early-type stars and in their lower mass siblings, and supports the idea that accretion onto the star may occur in a non-continuous way. <BR /> Aims: As accretion and ejection are believed to be tightly associated phenomena, we wanted to confirm the accretion interpretation of the outburst in <ASTROBJ>S255 NIRS 3</ASTROBJ> by detecting the corresponding burst of the associated thermal jet. <BR /> Methods: We monitored the radio continuum emission from <ASTROBJ>S255 NIRS 3</ASTROBJ> at four bands using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The millimetre continuum emission was also observed with both the Northern Extended Millimeter Array of IRAM and the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. <BR /> Results: We have detected an exponential increase in the radio flux density from 6 to 45 GHz starting right after July 10, 2016, namely 13 months after the estimated onset of the IR outburst. This is the first ever detection of a radio burst associated with an IR accretion outburst from a young stellar object. The flux density at all observed centimetre bands can be reproduced with a simple expanding jet model. At millimetre wavelengths we infer a marginal flux increase with respect to the literature values and we show this is due to free-free emission from the radio jet. <BR /> Conclusions: Our model fits indicate a significant increase in the jet opening angle and ionized mass loss rate with time. For the first time, we can estimate the ionization fraction in the jet and conclude that this must be low (<14%), lending strong support to the idea that the neutral component is dominant in thermal jets. Our findings strongly suggest that recurrent accretion + ejection episodes may be the main route to the formation of massive stars. <P />Based on observations carried out with the VLA, IRAM/NOEMA, and ALMA. <P />This article is dedicated to the memory of MalcolmWalmsley, who passed away before the present study could be completed. Without his insights and enlightened advice this work would have been impossible. We will always remember all the stimulating discussions with him, as well as his delightful personality.