Title: | First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation |
Authors: | Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Boland, Wilfred Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Doeleman, Sheperd S. Eatough, Ralph P. Falcke, Heino Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Gómez, José L. Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris GODDI, CIRIACO Gold, Roman Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Michael Kramer, Carsten Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Sang-Sung Li, Yan-Rong Li, Zhiyuan Lindqvist, Michael Liu, Kuo LIUZZO, Elisabetta Teodorina Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Martí-Vidal, Iván Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Müller, Cornelia Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Héctor Ortiz-León, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Özel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Piétu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Prather, Ben Preciado-López, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Rose, Mel Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruszczyk, Chet Ryan, Benjamin R. RYGL, Kazi Lucie Jessica Sánchez, Salvador Sánchez-Arguelles, David Sasada, Mahito Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Tazaki, Fumie Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Toma, Kenji Torne, Pablo Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Tsuda, Shuichiro van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Wagner, Jan Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Young, André Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhao, Guangyao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhu, Ziyan Algaba, Juan-Carlos Allardi, Alexander Amestica, Rodrigo Bach, Uwe Beaudoin, Christopher Benson, Bradford A. Berthold, Ryan Blanchard, Jay M. Blundell, Ray Bustamente, Sandra Cappallo, Roger Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chen, Chung-Chen Chilson, Ryan Chuter, Tim C. Córdova Rosado, Rodrigo Coulson, Iain M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crowley, Joseph David, John Derome, Mark Dexter, Matthew Dornbusch, Sven Dudevoir, Kevin A. Dzib, Sergio A. Eckert, Chris Erickson, Neal R. Everett, Wendeline B. Faber, Aaron Farah, Joseph R. Fath, Vernon Folkers, Thomas W. Forbes, David C. Freund, Robert Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gale, David M. Gao, Feng Geertsema, Gertie Graham, David A. Greer, Christopher H. Grosslein, Ronald Gueth, Frédéric Halverson, Nils W. Han, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Hao, Jinchi Hasegawa, Yutaka Henning, Jason W. Hernández-Gómez, Antonio Herrero-Illana, Rubén Heyminck, Stefan Hirota, Akihiko Hoge, James Huang, Yau-De Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Jiang, Homin Kamble, Atish Keisler, Ryan Kimura, Kimihiro Kono, Yusuke Kubo, Derek Kuroda, John Lacasse, Richard Laing, Robert A. Leitch, Erik M. Li, Chao-Te Lin, Lupin C. -C. Liu, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Lu, Li-Ming Marson, Ralph G. Martin-Cocher, Pierre L. Massingill, Kyle D. Matulonis, Callie McColl, Martin P. McWhirter, Stephen R. Messias, Hugo Meyer-Zhao, Zheng Michalik, Daniel Montaña, Alfredo Montgomerie, William Mora-Klein, Matias Muders, Dirk Nadolski, Andrew Navarro, Santiago Nguyen, Chi H. Nishioka, Hiroaki Norton, Timothy Nystrom, George Ogawa, Hideo Oshiro, Peter Padin, Stephen Parsons, Harriet Paine, Scott N. Peñalver, Juan Phillips, Neil M. Poirier, Michael Pradel, Nicolas Primiani, Rurik A. Raffin, Philippe A. Rahlin, Alexandra S. Reiland, George Risacher, Christopher Ruiz, Ignacio Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F. Sassella, Remi Schellart, Pim Shaw, Paul Silva, Kevin M. Shiokawa, Hotaka Smith, David R. Snow, William Souccar, Kamal Sousa, Don Sridharan, T. K. Srinivasan, Ranjani Stahm, William Stark, Antony A. Story, Kyle Timmer, Sjoerd T. Vertatschitsch, Laura Walther, Craig Wei, Ta-Shun Whitehorn, Nathan Whitney, Alan R. Woody, David P. Wouterloot, Jan G. A. Wright, Melvin Yamaguchi, Paul Yu, Chen-Yu Zeballos, Milagros Ziurys, Lucy |
Issue Date: | 2019 |
Journal: | THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS |
Number: | 875 |
Issue: | 1 |
First Page: | L2 |
Abstract: | The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ∼25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s<SUP>-1</SUP>, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87. |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/29341 |
URL: | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96 |
ISSN: | 2041-8205 |
DOI: | 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96 |
Bibcode ADS: | 2019ApJ...875L...2E |
Fulltext: | open |
Appears in Collections: | 1.01 Articoli in rivista
|