The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. II. High Luminosity Protostars
Journal
Date Issued
2019
Author(s)
Liu, Mengyao
•
Tan, Jonathan C.
•
De Buizer, James M.
•
Zhang, Yichen
•
•
Staff, Jan E.
•
Tanaka, Kei E. I.
•
Whitney, Barbara
•
Rosero, Viviana
Abstract
We present multiwavelength images observed with SOFIA-FORCAST from ∼10 to 40 μm of seven high luminosity massive protostars, as part of the SOFIA Massive Star Formation Survey. Source morphologies at these wavelengths appear to be influenced by outflow cavities and extinction from dense gas surrounding the protostars. Using these images, we build spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the protostars, also including archival data from Spitzer, Herschel, and other facilities. Radiative transfer (RT) models of Zhang & Tan, based on Turbulent Core Accretion theory, are then fit to the SEDs to estimate key properties of the protostars. Considering the best five models fit to each source, the protostars have masses m * ∼ 12-64 M ⊙ accreting at rates of {\dot{m}}* ∼ {10}-4{--}{10}-3 {M}⊙ {yr}}-1 inside cores of initial masses {M}c∼ 100{--}500 {M}⊙ embedded in clumps with mass surface densities {{{Σ }}}cl}∼ 0.1{--}3 {{g}} {cm}}-2 and span a luminosity range of 104-106 L ⊙. Compared with the first eight protostars in Paper I, the sources analyzed here are more luminous and, thus, likely to be more massive protostars. They are often in a clustered environment or have a companion protostar relatively nearby. From the range of parameter space of the models, we do not see any evidence that Σcl needs to be high to form these massive stars. For most sources, the RT models provide reasonable fits to the SEDs, though the cold clump material often influences the long wavelength fitting. However, for sources in very clustered environments, the model SEDs may not be such a good description of the data, indicating potential limitations of the models for these regions.
Volume
874
Issue
1
Start page
16
Issn Identifier
0004-637X
Ads BibCode
2019ApJ...874...16L
Rights
open.access
File(s)![Thumbnail Image]()
![Thumbnail Image]()
Loading...
Name
1901.01958.pdf
Description
preprint
Size
6.02 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
a5189ddcd7662f04d628941452f4d457
Loading...
Name
Liu_2019_ApJ_874_16.pdf
Description
[Administrators only]
Size
5.74 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
00e6921152fcf7c4f7ff80be7c3d94aa