Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016
Date Issued
2021
Author(s)
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Ansoldi, S.
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Asano, K.
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Babić, A.
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Banerjee, B.
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Baquero, A.
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de Almeida, U. Barres
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Barrio, J. A.
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Becerra González, J.
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Bednarek, W.
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Priyadarshi, C.
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Puljak, I.
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Rhode, W.
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Ribó, M.
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Rico, J.
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Rugliancich, A.
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Saha, L.
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Sahakyan, N.
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Bretz, T.
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Fruck, C.
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Besenrieder, J.
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Saito, T.
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Sakurai, S.
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Satalecka, K.
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Schleicher, B.
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Schmidt, K.
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Schweizer, T.
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Sitarek, J.
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Šnidarić, I.
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Sobczynska, D.
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Fukami, S.
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Spolon, A.
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Bhattacharyya, W.
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Strom, D.
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Strzys, M.
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Suda, Y.
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Surić, T.
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Takahashi, M.
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García López, R. J.
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Temnikov, P.
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Makariev, M.
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Terzić, T.
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Teshima, M.
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Torres-Albà, N.
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Tosti, L.
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Truzzi, S.
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van Scherpenberg, J.
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Vanzo, G.
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Garczarczyk, M.
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Vazquez Acosta, M.
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Ventura, S.
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Bruegge, K.
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Verguilov, V.
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Vigorito, C. F.
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Vitale, V.
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Blanch, O.
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Vovk, I.
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Buss, J.
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Dorner, D.
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Gasparyan, S.
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Elsaesser, D.
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Hildebrand, D.
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Iotov, R.
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Klinger, M.
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Mannheim, K.
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Neise, D.
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Neronov, A.
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Mallamaci, M.
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Bošnjak, Ž.
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Noethe, M.
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Gaug, M.
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Paravac, A.
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Rhode, W.
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Schleicher, B.
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Sliusar, V.
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Theissen, F.
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Walter, R.
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Valverde, J.
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Horan, D.
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Maneva, G.
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Giglietto, N.
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Busetto, G.
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Leto, C.
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Sadun, A. C.
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Moody, J. W.
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Joner, M.
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Marscher, A. P.
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Jorstad, S. G.
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Manganaro, M.
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Giordano, F.
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Lähteenmäki, A.
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Tornikoski, M.
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Carosi, R.
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Ramakrishnan, V.
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Järvelä, E.
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Vera, R. J. C.
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Lien, A. Y.
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Ceribella, G.
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Cerruti, M.
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Gliwny, P.
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Maraschi, L.
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Chai, Y.
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Chilingarian, A.
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Cikota, S.
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Colak, S. M.
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Colombo, E.
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Contreras, J. L.
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Cortina, J.
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D'Amico, G.
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Mender, S.
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D'Elia, V.
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Mariotti, M.
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Da Vela, P.
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De Angelis, A.
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De Lotto, B.
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Delfino, M.
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Delgado, J.
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Delgado Mendez, C.
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Depaoli, D.
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Will, M.
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Di Girolamo, T.
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Di Pierro, F.
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Martínez, M.
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Di Venere, L.
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Do Souto Espiñeira, E.
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Dominis Prester, D.
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Donini, A.
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Doro, M.
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Fallah Ramazani, V.
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Fattorini, A.
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Godinović, N.
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Ferrara, G.
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Foffano, L.
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Fonseca, M. V.
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Mazin, D.
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Font, L.
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Green, D.
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Hadasch, D.
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Hahn, A.
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Heckmann, L.
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Herrera, J.
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Hoang, J.
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Hrupec, D.
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Hütten, M.
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Zarić, D.
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Mićanović, S.
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Inada, T.
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Inoue, S.
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Ishio, K.
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Iwamura, Y.
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Jormanainen, J.
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Jouvin, L.
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Kajiwara, Y.
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Karjalainen, M.
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Kerszberg, D.
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Arbet-Engels, A.
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Kobayashi, Y.
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Bellizzi, L.
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Kubo, H.
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Kushida, J.
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Lelas, D.
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Lindfors, E.
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Longo, F.
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Baack, D.
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López, M.
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López-Coto, R.
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Miceli, D.
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López-Oramas, A.
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Loporchio, S.
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Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.
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Maggio, C.
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Majumdar, P.
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Miener, T.
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Minev, M.
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Balbo, M.
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Miranda, J. M.
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Mirzoyan, R.
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Molina, E.
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Moralejo, A.
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Morcuende, D.
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Moreno, V.
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Moretti, E.
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Bernardini, E.
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Munar-Adrover, P.
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Neustroev, V.
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Beck, M.
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Nigro, C.
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Nilsson, K.
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Ninci, D.
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Nishijima, K.
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Noda, K.
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Nozaki, S.
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Ohtani, Y.
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Oka, T.
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Bernardos, M.
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Otero-Santos, J.
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Biederbeck, N.
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Palatiello, M.
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Paneque, D.
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Paoletti, R.
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Paredes, J. M.
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Pavletić, L.
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Peñil, P.
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Perennes, C.
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Prada Moroni, P. G.
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Berti, A.
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Biland, A.
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Abstract
We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1 TeV < 1.7 × 10-12 ph cm-2 s-1) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F$_{2-10\, \mathrm{keV}}\lt 3.6\times 10^{-11}$ erg cm-2 s-1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of $43^{+9}_{-6}$ d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.
Volume
504
Issue
1
Start page
1427
Issn Identifier
0035-8711
Ads BibCode
2021MNRAS.504.1427A
Rights
open.access
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