First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole

Journal
Date Issued
2022
Author(s)
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
•
Akiyama, Kazunori
•
Alberdi, Antxon
•
Alef, Walter
•
Algaba, Juan Carlos
•
Anantua, Richard
•
Asada, Keiichi
•
Azulay, Rebecca
•
Bach, Uwe
•
Baczko, Anne-Kathrin
•
Ball, David
•
Baloković, Mislav
•
Barrett, John
•
Bauböck, Michi
•
Benson, Bradford A.
•
Bintley, Dan
•
Blackburn, Lindy
•
Blundell, Raymond
•
Bouman, Katherine L.
•
Bower, Geoffrey C.
•
Boyce, Hope
•
Bremer, Michael
•
Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
•
Brissenden, Roger
•
Britzen, Silke
•
Broderick, Avery E.
•
Broguiere, Dominique
•
Bronzwaer, Thomas
•
Bustamante, Sandra
•
Byun, Do-Young
•
Carlstrom, John E.
•
Ceccobello, Chiara
•
Chael, Andrew
•
Chan, Chi-kwan
•
Chatterjee, Koushik
•
Chatterjee, Shami
•
Chen, Ming-Tang
•
Chen, Yongjun
•
Cheng, Xiaopeng
•
Cho, Ilje
•
Christian, Pierre
•
Conroy, Nicholas S.
•
Conway, John E.
•
Cordes, James M.
•
Crawford, Thomas M.
•
Crew, Geoffrey B.
•
Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro
•
Cui, Yuzhu
•
Davelaar, Jordy
•
De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
•
Deane, Roger
•
Dempsey, Jessica
•
Desvignes, Gregory
•
Dexter, Jason
•
Dhruv, Vedant
•
Doeleman, Sheperd S.
•
Dougal, Sean
•
Dzib, Sergio A.
•
Eatough, Ralph P.
•
Emami, Razieh
•
Falcke, Heino
•
Farah, Joseph
•
Fish, Vincent L.
•
Fomalont, Ed
•
Ford, H. Alyson
•
Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
•
Freeman, William T.
•
Friberg, Per
•
Fromm, Christian M.
•
Fuentes, Antonio
•
Galison, Peter
•
Gammie, Charles F.
•
García, Roberto
•
Gentaz, Olivier
•
Georgiev, Boris
•
Goddi, Ciriaco
•
Gold, Roman
•
Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
•
Gómez, José L.
•
Gu, Minfeng
•
Gurwell, Mark
•
Hada, Kazuhiro
•
Haggard, Daryl
•
Haworth, Kari
•
Hecht, Michael H.
•
Hesper, Ronald
•
Heumann, Dirk
•
Ho, Luis C.
•
Ho, Paul
•
Honma, Mareki
•
Huang, Chih-Wei L.
•
Huang, Lei
•
Hughes, David H.
•
Ikeda, Shiro
•
Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette
•
Inoue, Makoto
•
Issaoun, Sara
•
James, David J.
•
Jannuzi, Buell T.
•
Janssen, Michael
•
Jeter, Britton
•
Jiang, Wu
•
Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra
•
Johnson, Michael D.
•
Jorstad, Svetlana
•
Joshi, Abhishek V.
•
Jung, Taehyun
•
Karami, Mansour
•
Karuppusamy, Ramesh
•
Kawashima, Tomohisa
•
Keating, Garrett K.
•
Kettenis, Mark
•
Kim, Dong-Jin
•
Kim, Jae-Young
•
Kim, Jongsoo
•
Kim, Junhan
•
Kino, Motoki
•
Koay, Jun Yi
•
Kocherlakota, Prashant
•
Kofuji, Yutaro
•
Koch, Patrick M.
•
Koyama, Shoko
•
Kramer, Carsten
•
Kramer, Michael
•
Krichbaum, Thomas P.
•
Kuo, Cheng-Yu
•
•
Lauer, Tod R.
•
Lee, Daeyoung
•
Lee, Sang-Sung
•
Leung, Po Kin
•
Levis, Aviad
•
Li, Zhiyuan
•
•
Lindahl, Greg
•
Lindqvist, Michael
•
Lisakov, Mikhail
•
Liu, Jun
•
Liu, Kuo
•
•
Lo, Wen-Ping
•
Lobanov, Andrei P.
•
Loinard, Laurent
•
Lonsdale, Colin J.
•
Lu, Ru-Sen
•
Mao, Jirong
•
•
Markoff, Sera
•
Marrone, Daniel P.
•
Marscher, Alan P.
•
Martí-Vidal, Iván
•
Matsushita, Satoki
•
Matthews, Lynn D.
•
Medeiros, Lia
•
Menten, Karl M.
•
Michalik, Daniel
•
Mizuno, Izumi
•
Mizuno, Yosuke
•
Moran, James M.
•
Moriyama, Kotaro
•
Moscibrodzka, Monika
•
Müller, Cornelia
•
Mus, Alejandro
•
Musoke, Gibwa
•
Myserlis, Ioannis
•
Nadolski, Andrew
•
Nagai, Hiroshi
•
Nagar, Neil M.
•
Nakamura, Masanori
•
Narayan, Ramesh
•
Narayanan, Gopal
•
Natarajan, Iniyan
•
Nathanail, Antonios
•
Fuentes, Santiago Navarro
•
Neilsen, Joey
•
Neri, Roberto
•
Ni, Chunchong
•
Noutsos, Aristeidis
•
Nowak, Michael A.
•
Oh, Junghwan
•
Okino, Hiroki
•
Olivares, Héctor
•
Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
•
Oyama, Tomoaki
•
Özel, Feryal
•
Palumbo, Daniel C. M.
•
Paraschos, Georgios Filippos
•
Park, Jongho
•
Parsons, Harriet
•
Patel, Nimesh
•
Pen, Ue-Li
•
Pesce, Dominic W.
•
Piétu, Vincent
•
Plambeck, Richard
•
PopStefanija, Aleksandar
•
Porth, Oliver
•
Pötzl, Felix M.
•
Prather, Ben
•
Preciado-López, Jorge A.
•
Psaltis, Dimitrios
•
Pu, Hung-Yi
•
Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
•
Rao, Ramprasad
•
Rawlings, Mark G.
•
Raymond, Alexander W.
•
Rezzolla, Luciano
•
Ricarte, Angelo
•
Ripperda, Bart
•
Roelofs, Freek
•
Rogers, Alan
•
Ros, Eduardo
•
Romero-Cañizales, Cristina
•
Roshanineshat, Arash
•
Rottmann, Helge
•
Roy, Alan L.
•
Ruiz, Ignacio
•
Ruszczyk, Chet
•
•
Sánchez, Salvador
•
Sánchez-Argüelles, David
•
Sánchez-Portal, Miguel
•
Sasada, Mahito
•
Satapathy, Kaushik
•
Savolainen, Tuomas
•
Schloerb, F. Peter
•
Schonfeld, Jonathan
•
Schuster, Karl-Friedrich
•
Shao, Lijing
•
Shen, Zhiqiang
•
Small, Des
•
Sohn, Bong Won
•
SooHoo, Jason
•
Souccar, Kamal
•
Sun, He
•
Tazaki, Fumie
•
Tetarenko, Alexandra J.
•
Tiede, Paul
•
Tilanus, Remo P. J.
•
Titus, Michael
•
Torne, Pablo
•
Traianou, Efthalia
•
Trent, Tyler
•
Trippe, Sascha
•
Turk, Matthew
•
van Bemmel, Ilse
•
van Langevelde, Huib Jan
•
van Rossum, Daniel R.
•
Vos, Jesse
•
Wagner, Jan
•
Ward-Thompson, Derek
•
Wardle, John
•
Weintroub, Jonathan
•
Wex, Norbert
•
Wharton, Robert
•
Wielgus, Maciek
•
Wiik, Kaj
•
Witzel, Gunther
•
Wondrak, Michael F.
•
Wong, George N.
•
Wu, Qingwen
•
Yamaguchi, Paul
•
Yoon, Doosoo
•
Young, André
•
Young, Ken
•
Younsi, Ziri
•
Yuan, Feng
•
Yuan, Ye-Fei
•
Zensus, J. Anton
•
Zhang, Shuo
•
Zhao, Guang-Yao
•
Zhao, Shan-Shan
DOI
Abstract
We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a "variability noise budget" in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse (u, v)-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of ~50 μas, consistent with the expected "shadow" of a 4 × 106 M ⊙ black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.
Volume
930
Issue
2
Start page
L14
Uri
Url
Issn Identifier
2041-8205
Ads BibCode
2022ApJ...930L..14E
Rights
open.access
File(s)
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name

PaperEHT2022_3_low_res-31-64.pdf

Size

6.92 MB

Format

Adobe PDF

Checksum (MD5)

57d500f77d9ec1777b7ecc118c370e3f

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name

PaperEHT2022_3_low_res-1-30.pdf

Size

6.38 MB

Format

Adobe PDF

Checksum (MD5)

1a5bcd0a6c1dadc5b30d886a7410f505