Nearby galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey. I. Insights into the non-linearity of the radio-SFR relation

Abstract

Context. Cosmic rays and magnetic fields are key ingredients in galaxy evolution, regulating both stellar feedback and star formation. Their properties can be studied with low-frequency radio continuum observations that are free from thermal contamination. Aims: We define a sample of 76 nearby (< 30 Mpc) galaxies with rich ancillary data in the radio continuum and infrared from the CHANG-ES and KINGFISH surveys, which will be observed with the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) at 144 MHz. <BR /> Methods: We present maps for 45 of them as part of the LoTSS data release 2 (LoTSS-DR2), where we measure integrated flux densities and study integrated and spatially resolved radio spectral indices. We investigate the radio-star formation rate (SFR) relation using SFRs derived from total infrared and Hα + 24-μm emission. <BR /> Results: The radio-SFR relation at 144 MHz is clearly super-linear with L<SUB>144 MHz</SUB> ∝ SFR<SUP>1.4−1.5</SUP>. The mean integrated radio spectral index between 144 and ≈1400 MHz is ⟨α⟩= − 0.56 ± 0.14, in agreement with the injection spectral index for cosmic ray electrons (CREs). However, the radio spectral index maps show variation of spectral indices with flatter spectra associated with star-forming regions and steeper spectra in galaxy outskirts and, in particular, in extra-planar regions. We found that galaxies with high SFRs have steeper radio spectra; we find similar correlations with galaxy size, mass, and rotation speed. <BR /> Conclusions: Galaxies that are larger and more massive are better electron calorimeters, meaning that the CRE lose a higher fraction of their energy within the galaxies. This explains the super-linear radio-SFR relation, with more massive, star-forming galaxies being radio bright. We propose a semi-calorimetric radio-SFR relation that employs the galaxy mass as a proxy for the calorimetric efficiency. <P />Tables and fits maps are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/">cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/664/A83">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/664/A83</A>...